Up from % in 2011; Kenya went from % to %. The question is what counting accounts stops telling us once almost everyone has one.
Women are more likely to say they could not raise emergency funds within 30 days -- by about points on average, and by points in Pakistan and in Nigeria.
Income here means country income -- GDP per person at purchasing-power parity -- not self-reported personal income. It does not move the gap: across economies the fitted line is flat, and once account access is controlled for, income comes out irrelevant (p=).
Account access is the other suspect. Eswatini and South Africa are the cleanest cases -- men and women hold accounts at essentially the same rate, and women are still 8 to 10 points more likely to be unable to raise emergency money.
The account gender gap was the one the field could close, and it largely has; this gap did not move with it.
The public-use microdata says more. Within the same country, the unused account keeps tracing the same person -- offline, poorer, less educated, female (+ points for women). Stack those four traits and dormancy climbs from % of holders with none of them to % with all four, roughly times the risk. I have a longer set of notes on that, and on two related gaps, if useful.
Kenya may be the sharpest example: near-universal accounts in Findex, yet the 2024 FinAccess survey put the share of adults who are financially healthy at fewer than one in five.